Child labor during the British Industrial Revolution was not a new phenomenon. The first documentation of child labor dates back to the medieval era, when children would help their parents outside on the farm or inside with the family enterprise. The nature of child labor, however, dramatically changed during the Industrial Revolution when children began to work outside the home for strangers in factories and mines. Child labor played a key role in the manufacturing of cotton, wool, flax, silk, lace, dyeing, and coal mining and made up approximately half of the workforce in textile mills and one-quarter of the workforce in coal and metal mines
In the course of 200 years, nationalism evolved into a major force shaping the contours of modern European history. Beginning in eighteenth-century western Europe, nationalism emerged as a modernizing force and liberal impulse reflecting the rational ethos of the Enlightenment. Nationalism assumed a more exclusionary and racist tenor during the nineteenth century, generating reactionary ideologies.
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The scientific and intellectual developments of the 17th cent.—the discoveries of Isaac Newton, the rationalism of Réné Descartes, the skepticism of Pierre Bayle, the pantheism of Benedict de Spinoza, and the empiricism of Francis Bacon and John Locke—fostered the belief in natural law and universal order and the confidence in human reason that spread to influence all of 18th-century society
Process by which different parts of the globe become interconnected by economic, social, cultural, and political means. Globalization has become increasingly rapid since the 1970s and 1980s as a result of developments in technology, communications, and trade liberalization.
The era of the “scientific revolution” has been the focus of debates concerning the origins of modern science throughout the 20th century. For its adherents, it is nothing less than the founding moment of science in early modern Europe, signifying a radical intellectual break with the past.
1756–63, worldwide war fought in Europe, North America, and India between France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and (after 1762) Spain on the one side and Prussia, Great Britain, and Hanover on the other.