Colonialism in the Middle EastThe modern Middle East is a product of various movements with long-lasting consequences to its current geographic composition. With both internal and external actors and influences, colonialism in the Middle East diverged from other related conquests throughout the globe. Regional and nonregional powers played a crucial role in the mapping of the modern Middle East and often delineated the region’s governments and regimes. With a number of imperial colonial powers—namely the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and France—shaping its current geographic makeup, most countries came to be independent nation-states during the early and latter parts of the twentieth century, predominantly during the decolonization era of the 1940s and 1950s.